History of Western Civilization

Table of Contents Introduction Military Role of Agricola Politics and Marriage of Agricola Religion of the Germania Warfare of the Germania and Romans Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The book the Agricola and Germania is about the history of Tacitus who was a senator and a famous Roman historian. He was the son of Cornelius Tacitus a famous man under Nero. Nero is an emperor who ruled the Roman Empire using dictatorship and tyrannical techniques. Furthermore, during the reign of Nero, the Roman Empire was fighting many social challenges like crime and perverted public taste.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Western Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, degenerated Grecian tutors poisoned the education systems and inculcated false education on the Roman students. Concisely, destruction and dissolution of the state were the empire’s experience.Moreover, during the perio d the Roman society neglected their values, and principles.Therefore, the essay examines military, political, marriage of Agricola, and further presents the religion and welfare of the Germania people. Military Role of Agricola According to Tacitus, Agricola started his military career in Britain. Furthermore, Julius Agricola may have participated in quelling the Boudicca uprising of 61 A.D. He also served under Gaius Suetonius Pulinus who was the governor of the Roman Empire. Additionally, Agricola served in Asia province in a number of positions. During the era of four emperors, Agricola helped Vespasian to become the emperor, hence appointed to lead the military of Britain when Vespasian became the emperor of the Roman Empire. Agricola conquered the regions, which are presently northern England, Scotland, and Whales. Tacitus also states that Agricola consolidated the Roman forces and led them built a chain of forts from western to eastern parts of the country (23). In 81-83AD, he confronted the Caledonian tribes at the battle of Mons Graupius under Calgacus. Agricola later became the governor of Britannia and afterwards retired from both public service and military. Politics and Marriage of Agricola Agricola started his political career in Rome where he worked as a tribune. During this time he served under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. He later returned to Britain and became the governor. As the governor, Agricola reemployed order in the military and helped in the consolidation of the rule of law. In addition, Agricola reinforced the Roman law in areas of north Caledonia, which are Scotland and Whales in present day. After returning from Britain, Agricola married Domitian Decidiana who was a dignified woman at the age of 62. Their first son died shortly after his second child was born.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second child was Julia Agricola who later be came the wife of the famous historian Tacitus and thus, Agricola became the father in law of the historian who later wrote his biography. Religion of the Germania According to Tacitus, Germanic paganism dates back to the Iron Age. He describes Germania religion as an institution of interlocking associations, which consists of believers with different values and practices. In addition, Germania paganism took many forms. However, it showed some similarities that closely associated with other forms of Indo-European beliefs. Germania worshipped a god known as Wodan or Wotan, which is commonly known as Odin among Anglo-Saxons. They worshiped in different part and built temples that used as worship sites. The most common temple is the temple of Upsala built on a place regarded as consecrated and holy by Germania. According to Tacitus, some staunch believers of Germania sometimes took effigies to battlegrounds (25). Some of the effigies included the phallic idol. These were wooden and natu rally made with human like shape. The concept is evident from the historic findings in Broddenbjerg Denmark. Germanias offered animal sacrifices and believed that the blood of male animals would purify them from any offense or wrongdoing and appease the gods. Warfare of the Germania and Romans Germanias, Celtics, Baltic, Scythian, and proto-Slavic individuals inhabited the land of Germania. However, these tribal alienations changed over time due to absorption of tribes and intermarriages. The region had two main divisions Germania inferior also known as, lower Germania, which represents southern parts of Europe and upper Germania also called superior Germania that covers areas like Switzerland and Alsace. In the 12BC, the Roman army led by Augustus started conquering Germania. Legions of the legate generals and Germanics were the leaders of the Roman army. By 6 AD, the Romans had temporarily taken over most parts of Germania. Conversely, more plans to conquer the remainder of German ia failed because â€Å"Germania armies defeated the Roman troops in the famous battle of the Teutoburg forest† (Tacitus 14). In 16 AD, Augustus declared Rhine as the boundary between the Romans and Germania.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Western Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Caius Cornelius Tacitus was a famous historian and a senator of the Roman Empire. According to the essay, Tacitus was born and raised in a noble background and received the best education any Roman student would ever receive. Tacitus was a famous writer who wrote about 16 articles. The essay discussed Germania as the people who live in areas east of the Rhine River. The essay examines the fact that the region was home to mainly Celtic and north of Danupe regions that by then were part of the Roman Empire. Furthermore, the essay presents the battles between Roman armies and the people of Germani a, the religion, marriage, and beliefs upheld by of Germania as well as their marriage ceremonies. Additionally, the essay has also discussed the military, marriage, and political themes of Julius Agricola, who was the commander of the Roman forces and governor of Britannia. Moreover, it is important to note that Agricola and the Germania played an important role in building and developing the Roman Empire. Works Cited Tacitus, Caius. The Agricola and the Germania. London: Penguin, 2010. This essay on History of Western Civilization was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. History of Western Civilization Introduction Western civilization is anchored in an active interaction of law and justice that perpetually try to find harmony and stability in the gist of unending antagonism and vulnerable dissolution. Civilization has thrived while this counter-point has staggered and crumbled (Plato 69). Greek tradition and misfortune were the reasons for instability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Western Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, Aeschylus outlines the importance of trial by a judge to officiate justice founded on due procedure in a bid to ensure that a balance between justice and law is attained (Plato 54). This paper will discuss the main issues in the Euthyphro, the Apology, and the Crito, and how these issues impact the western civilization. The paper will also attempt to answer various questions emerging from this book: Why should a person suffer the injustices of his/her country? Would this inculcate a level of apathy that would frustrate any effort of public fairness or legal transformation? The Euthyphro We first meet Socrates on the day prior to his trial where he is charged with wickedness towards the gods and misdirecting the Athenian youth. The Euthyphro recognizes Socrates as a self declared mogul on religious issues who had journeyed to Athens to bring his father to court for unjust demise of a servant. It is in the exchange between the two that we learn about the accusations placed against Socrates. In the dialogue, we are introduced to the Socratic system, a dissertation that usually seeks to determine the essence of a universal quality or something articulated in a description. The Euthyphro raises a critical issue that pertains to the basis of ethics. In response to Socrates’ inquiry, Euthypro describes the meaning of right (or piety) as anything that is pleasant to the gods. This description replicates the conventional foundation of the G reeks ethics. According to the typical Greeks, what was agreeable to the gods was more of an issue of official adherence than individual conduct. The significant issue thus regards ethical foundations, and the subsequent dialogue sounds gentle. First, Socrates skillfully steers Euthyphro into accepting that the gods sanction what is spiritual since it is religious, and not because they support it. This significant differentiation not only counteracts Euthyphro’s recognition of what is right for the gods, but talks explicitly on the status of its origin and approval (Plato 69).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Apology In 399 B.C., Socrates’ enthusiastic justification in front of the panel of Athenian judges was a central source of information about his way of life and personality (Plato 94). From this trial, we learn about his heavenly motivated mission to search for the truth, the reason behind his fame and animosity, an internal voice that discouraged him from acting unfairly, and his attempts to convince fellow Athenians of their moral welfare instead of their realistic gains. Besides these motivating disclosures, Socrates’ justification elicited some important historical issues. One of the them was the odd-sounding concept that the rule of God did not allow a bad man to intimidate a good man. This meant that the actions of Socrates questioning and engaging people in authority was against the law of God and made Socrates a bad man. The Apology is vital for outlining the idea of justice when Socrates emphasized that living honestly was the utmost good, even when it was in conflict with the apparent improvement. Socrates explained this idea when he notified the judges that an indicted person should not make an appeal, but should notify them of facts and persuade them with arguments (Plato 94). The Crito The discussion commences with a jaile d Socrates being paid a visit by Crito, his comrade and follower. Crito tried to convince Socrates to run away from jail and escape Athens before his execution. Saying that his capital punishment was around the corner, Crito gave numerous reasons for Socrates’ running away, but none of these reasons was sufficient to persuade him to flee. A critical deliberation of the relative advantages of the two men’s dispute comprises the theoretical importance of the dialogue. One of Crito’s main worries was that he and other followers of Socrates would be blamed for abandoning their jeopardized friend. Socrates stated that the view of his friends should not deserve serious attention, and that in all issues where understanding directed practice, it was only the opinion of the well-informed that should be referred and observed (Plato 104).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Western Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More Conclusion The ancient Greeks had no satisfactory structure of positive law since they construed law, morals, and religion as one. For them, law had a divine foundation and comprised an ethical theme (Plato 95-104). Although the Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito highlight the ethical basis of law and the dynamic interaction of law and fairness, they have been understood to apply an unqualified duty to comply with practical law arising from the Crito. These discussions introduce modern students to the most outstanding and remarkable man in the history (Plato) who played a vital role in worldly saints of the Western civilization. Works Cited Plato, Ariston. The Last Days of Socrates: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. Ed. Hugh Tredennick. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2003. Print. This essay on History of Western Civilization was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stalin and the Jews essays

Stalin and the Jews essays Modern World History Mr. Pollans Joseph Stalin led the Socialist Soviet Union in the Revolution from Above, a movement to centralize the government and transform society without popular participation . Because Stalins radical goals were destructive for the populace to attain, his legitimacy was based on the credibility of his ideological authority . In protection of that conviction, Stalin was in constant fear of competitive initiative and philosophy. Stalin subjected society and culture to strict party surveillance and control, issuing pro-socialist, xenophobic propaganda, censoring literature, art, and media, and launching anti-religious campaigns . In addition to his confiscation of religious property and denunciation of belief, Stalin was a contemptuous anti-Semite, using Jewish people as symbols of a corrupt capitalist ethic. However, in 1941, Stalin discontinued his Jewish intolerance and supported the formation of the Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) in 1942, contradicting practiced Stalinism and amen ding his previously categorical policy. Even after WWII, Stalin collaborated with the United States and supported the creation of a Jewish State in Palestine. Soviet Jews raised great hope for future friendship and cooperation with the government . Suddenly, in 1948, Stalin changed his position again, dissolving the JAC, arresting prominent Jews, and beginning the Black Years of refreshed repression and anti-Semitism. Although drastic doctrinal oscillations were completely out of character for the inflexible dictator, the changes in Jewish administration were not the only exceptions in his etiology that Stalin made from WWII to his death. The effects of Stalins inconstancies were dangerously close to destructive of his legitimacy and authority. What compelled a fanatically unyielding and calculating dictator to alter his policy self-preservation, miscalculation, composite ...

St. Augustines Role in the Development of Christianity Essay

St. Augustines Role in the Development of Christianity - Essay Example St. Augustine’s Role in the Development of Christianity The name of St. Augustine is also among such courageous and dauntless personalities, who devoted their life for the uplift of Christianity in his surroundings without displaying any irresoluteness in the face of hardships. St. Augustine of Hippo enjoys very respectable status in the list of the Christian saints, who had rendered exceptional services for the growth and development of the contemporary world’s largest religion i.e. Christianity. He not only dedicated his entire life for the development of Christianity, but also introduced, interpreted and elaborated the fundamental concepts of the belief in order to convey the Christ’s true message to the masses during the era when adopting and supporting Christian teachings served as taboo and forbidden act in the eyes of law and society at large. The Christians were persecuted, tortured and even killed at the hands of pagans and Jews in Africa and Rome respectively. â€Å"Christians posed a problem for Roman rulers beca use Christians refused to worship Roman gods. This refusal was seen as opposition to Roman rule. Some Roman rulers also used Christians as scapegoats for political and economic troubles.† (mmoloneyiths.com) Augustine was born in Numidia, North Africa in 354 A.D. It was the time when Christian faith was in its budding in the entire region. The paganism prevailed all over Africa, and the people, converted to this new faith, were looked upon with extreme suspicion and abhorrence. Being the son of a pagan father, Patricia, and devout Christian mother, Monica, the young Augustine had least interest in Christianity in his early youth. Being an energetic and carefree youth, he spent most of his time in dissipation and revelry making. Hence, he was neither interested in paganism, nor did he display any inclination towards her mother’s conversion. However, he had developed great taste for philosophy and maintained aptitude for reading. â€Å"After a rather unremarkable childhoo d, Augustine drifted through several philosophical systems before converting to Christianity at the age of thirty-one. At the age of nineteen, Augustine read Cicero's Hortensius, an experience that led him into the fascination with philosophical questions and methods that would remain with him throughout his life.† (ccel.org) Since St. Monica, his mother, had dedicated her life for the cause of her religion, she vehemently lamented over Augustine’s sticking to the pagan faith. Somehow, the circumstances observed astounding change, and Augustine started abhorring dissipation; eventually his social life was confined to reading and brooding. The remarkable mysterious call, inviting him to adopt the path of virtue and glory was too powerful to resist. Consequently, he embraced Manichaean faith viewing it as the right path to be followed. Somehow, his discussions with his friend Simplicianus and his mother’s insisting forced him to study the new religious doctrine. St . Ambrose of Milan played decisive role in his conversion, and he adopted Christianity not just to imitate others; rather, he entered the faith on the concrete foundations of his deep study, meditative examination and thorough analysis of the Christian teachings. Augustine has recorded the account of his conversion in his wonderful â€Å"The Confessions.† After conversion, Augustine dedicated himself for the cause of Christianity. He declared his conversion to Christianity as the outcome of countless bounties of his Lord upon him. He studied, taught and spread the basic philosophy of religion, and

Estimating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Estimating - Essay Example The accuracy of this method is approximated to be +2.5 or -2.5meters. Another method that can potentially be used is by comparing the picture of the Shrine with an object (in the same picture) whose height is known. For example, we can calculate the number of repeated times through which the Shrines doors can be arranged to reach the bell tower and then multiply our results by the average height of Shrine’s door. An average of 11 doors can fit into the Bells height and each door is approximated to be 3m tall. This means that the approximate height of the Shrines bell= 11 x3=33 meters above the ground. Lastly the height of the Bell can also be estimated using simple Trigonometry. Using a position with a known distance from the Shrine building, the height of the location of the Shrines tower can be calculated as Height=Tan (Angle) x the known distance. The accuracy of this method is often =0.5 or -0.5. In my opinion, trigonometry method is better than the other methods since it has minimal error. The total load exerted by the bell tower can be estimated using the formula Total load= load per floor x the number of stories. Since the bell tower is entirely constructed using concrete, the weight of the walls and floors can be estimated as W= area of floors and walls x average weight per squire meters. The average weight of concrete per cubic meters=2400kg. Each story can be approximated to be 3 x 3 x10= 90m3. there are 8 floors each 3 x 3=72m3. =(90 x6)m3 +

Topics in the area of international management, marketing Research Proposal

Topics in the area of international management, marketing international strategic decision-making - Research Proposal Example Therefore, organizational culture and power structures have a definite say in defining the image of an organization in the international arena. The important thing is that it is this very image of an organization that constitutes a considerable part of the information required by the international collaborators and competitors. Thus, organizations operating in a globalized scenario, no more afford to be passive or ignorant about the culture and political structures coming within their scope and ambit. To facilitate effective decision-making mechanisms, it is necessary that organizations consciously decide as to what their in house culture and the resultant global perception needs to be. No doubt, such an approach leads to positive outcomes in both local and international avenues. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and understand how organizational culture and politics influence international strategic decision-making. There is no denying the fact that an organization’s culture and political framework have a direct and conclusive say in the strategic decision-making processes. However, the extent to which organizational culture and power influence international strategic decision-making is a topic that solicits ample scholarly attention and investigation (Nwachukwu et al. 757). Till date, the popular perception has been that though corporate culture and power structures were important factors that aided the understanding of the respective working of individuals and groups employed in an organization, yet such unspoken and intangible parameters scarcely influenced international strategic decision-making (Hunt & Vitell 12). On the contrary, their existed a small but influential group of scholars who held that a formalization of the corporate values and power structures not only defined the roles of the specific employees, but had a direct bearing on the

Importance of Vision and Mission Statement

Importance of Vision and Mission Statement The vision of any organization at some future time shows very small image of any organization. Normally it is make or set for the organization, that what is the organization plans for future or upcoming, basically the purpose of vision to find something. Mission statement shows the exact purpose of the organization. This statement is primary objective of the organization to show the plans, aims and programs of the company. A mission statement is bit different from the vision statement. Values are the basically principles of thoughts which help us to understand and predict an individual or group level actions. Normally values of any organization define and describe the nature as well as stand for the organization, to operate the organization it establishes, the rule of conduct it describes the organization values in a very authentic images that how you will easily apply on a running organization. According to Weyerhaeuser what a vision statement means in the introduction to the companys statement, our vision and our values. An organization vision statement present the upcoming or future desire which is valid and it should must be go on and never ever should be change with each cycle of an organization. According to Meridian Bancorp our vision is meridians statement of core values that defines the companys culture and the meridian way of working. According to Stephen Covey if you dont set your goals based upon your Mission Statement, you may be climbing the ladder of success only to realize, when you get to the top, youre on the wrong building A clear mission statement also focus on what are the advantages which is you are offering to your patrons as well as consumers it also tells you exact purpose of your organization. Benefits/Importance Of Vision Mission Statement A good mission statement is like a born of success for the organization. It is very for the companies to find out the ways and also do the regular confirmation whether company or organization is on the right way or not. A purpose of a clear mission statement to an organization to align the people as well as merge all the individuals activities in to the group. It also tells to the organization employee whether they are doing work is important or worthwhile. A clear statement describes the importance of work to the organization. It can change the thinking for the improvement of the organization and give the ancillary customer services to their customers. Mission has the value that it gives the change in any organization from time to time. Normally mission statement of any organization describes the primary objectives as well as purposes. The primary function of this statement in the company is internal to evaluate the business key and company success as well as stockholders and team of leader. The purpose of vision statement to define the company purpose, this statement do not measure the bottom line of the company but vision statement measures the values of the company as well as values tells to the company leaders how things should be done. This statement is also communicates the aims and values of the company. Vision statement gives direction to the employees that how they can provide their best and ancillary the customers Vision and mission statement helps to the company where company wants to go, these statement very helpful to focus that what is done and what should be done. Mission and vision statement gives high energy to the company for attain or set the goals, these statements requires a lot of time to write, through mission and vision statement you can easily achieve the values. A mission statement without vision statement is like nothing. Basically a mission statement defines the proper aim and activities of the company which is very important for its vision. The aims of both statements are to address and achieve the important and major goals of the company or organization. It is very hard without vision and mission statement for any company to achieve their goals or aims. So these statements are the born of the companies. Another important benefit of the mission and vision statement also helpful to visible companies strategic plans, these statement have all the vital mechanism for the future propel of any company. Both statements are very helpful for guiding and communicate in the company or organization. Mission Vision Statements Communication Adoption By The Staff The executive of any company visibly defines the mission statement to all the staff. The seniority leaders of any company defines the vision statement which is properly based on market review, satisfactions of consumer as well evaluate the capabilities of the company.,/ The vision of the company is very simple, little and comprehensive to all employees of the company. The vision and mission statement undoubtedly and simply communicates to all employees about their jobs and performance. Mission and vision statement is very helpful and guide to all employees to achieve the goals. When the senior leaders of the company change these statements they also tell to their employees how to achieve the goals and ancillary of customers. Many companies have different channels to communicate to the employees and through these channels they dedicate company vision and mission to their employees. In some circumstances vision and mission statement also communicate between employees and chief executive officers. These statements are also very helpful to improve the staff performance as well as give training to the staff. Many companies call the meeting to the all employees and tell about the vision and mission statement. Staff through vision and mission statement can easily understand their job and better perform. These statements is also obliging to the promotion of the staff Basically vision and mission statements ancillary the staff, improve the work, and very helpful for staff. Implementation Of Vision Mission Statement On Different Programs Corporate Strategy The corporate strategy starts through vision and Mission statement can b accessed by culture, core values and its core values on which it competes. Mission statement tells where stands of the corporation in present, and the purpose of vision statement is it shows where will be the corporation in future. Mission statement describes us that what we want to do as well as who we are? It states about the capabilities, future targeted customers and future line up. Long term decisions are described in strategic visions. It tells about the corporation future plannings i.e. the technology prospect and targeted location. To depart yours self from competitors, mission and strategies plays a crucial role and defines its mission for the future. Strategic Investment Plans It is accepted worldwide vision and mission statement are very effective and vital for the strategic planning of any company. The strategic plans and mission statement of the company to check and determine about the unity themes and also improved the response which come from customers and shared vision, and pass this information to the company executives are responsible to implement this vision for achieving their goals. This is very helpful to the company strategic vision and investment to promote the value of the company or business. The another advantage of this is very suitable for the decision making of the company purchase as well as this exercise you can easily implement on the new management of the company. This exercise also ancillary the new management and gives them to time as well as good opportunity to understand the investment values and about the cost saving. This will help to evaluate the company effectiveness and efficiency. Vision and mission statements state the company or business how you invest and after invest what you will get. Basically these statement is also very help to create the plans of investment and strategy of the company. The company can achieve the goals and aims with the investment. These statements are the born of every plans. Such kinds of statements give you core ideas and the purpose of your business and company. Tesco Example Now a day Tesco is going to develop economically new towns in the United Kingdom. So the vision of Tesco in investment and strategic plan is to generate new supermarkets, new housing, cycle tracks, visitor centre etc, with the help of this vision Tesco can easily achieve their goals and aims, which will increase the Tesco profit, so vision is very helpful for investment planning and strategic planning as we saw in the Tesco vision. Constant Change The constant change is not occurs in vision and mission statement for many years. It changes in such circumstances when significant change seem is essential. The new vision and mission statements design the company executives. If you are thinking to change vision and mission statement of your company first you should have to change your planning because vision and mission statement varies or relies on your company planning. The vision and mission statement arises in the meeting of management when they are discussing about the strategic planning of the company. Such sort of statements shows the whole position of the company and where the heading of the company. Vision and mission statements also describe company matters and what company is acting as a control centre as well as what do not do the company. Mission and vision of the company constantly focuses for all the managers as well as it shows the direction and hold or maintain when in some circumstances the individual objective are changed. So constant change in vision and mission statement is bit tuff. Example Constant Change In British Airways In 1997 British Airways launched a new mission statement after a brief discussion with the employees, the management of British airways replaced an existing mission statement, existing statement which is introduced in 1995 to accumulate privatization. Many employees of the company were train and doing their exact jobs. The new mission statement of British air ways quote its basic challenge which the company is facing. They added its new mission statement given below. Ancillary of customers. Consumers desires. The climate of global economic. Competition challenge. Basically we shall say it is the change of mission, strategic plans and vision. The purpose is to make a plat form which lead for the future of the company. The merger of vision and mission statement is very important for those large companies in which staff and managers have right to make decisions themselves, without any permission from seniority management or headquarter of the company. If every member of the staff knows what and where is the purpose of our company, therefore company can easily achieve the goals and objectives. These statements help creating the aims, goals, and target as well as very important to constrain company short term plans and set the budgetary trade off to gain the company long terms goals. Conclusion As the above discussion of vision and mission statement, I conclude that vision and mission statement is very essential for the companies, without vision and mission statement companies have not the goals if there is no goal, how companies can be survive or formulate. As we saw vision and mission statement is a born of every planning and strategy of the companies. These statements also motivate the staff and guide them about their jobs. However we can say that vision and mission statement are the base of the companies. Such kind of statements is very important and very helpful to evaluate the companies or organizational values. However we can judge that without mission and vision statement companies are like flat or prone. Bibliography and References Mary Morel (2003), Promote Your Business: How to Write Effective Marketing Material for Your Small Business, illustrated edition, Allen Unwin, p.4. Jeffery Abrahams (2004), The Mission Statement Book: 301 Corporate Mission Statements From Americas Top Companies, Rev Sub edition, Ten Speed Press, P.16. Hugh Secord (2003), Implementing Best Practices In Human Resources Management, Toronto: CCH Canadian, p.269 William J.Rothwell (2009), Practicing Organization Development: A Guide for Leading Change, 3rd edition, Jossey Bass, p.150-151. Peter Mears, Frank Voehl (1995), The Executive Guide to Implementing Quality Systems, 1st edition, CRC Press, p.32. Mark Graham Brown (2004), How to Interpret the Baldige Criteria for Performance Excellence, 13th edition, Productivity Press, p.106. John Miltenburg (2005), Manufacturing strategy: How to Formulate and Implement a Winning Plan, 2nd edition, Productivity Press, p.241. Michael Coveney (2003), The Strategy Gap: Leveraging Technology to Execute Winning Strategies, 1st edition, Wiley, p.160. Julie Hyde, Frances E. Cooper (2001), Managing the Business of Health Care, illustrated edition, Bailliere Tindall, p.101. Nigel Evans, David, Campbell, George Stonehouse (2003), Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism, 1st edition, butterworth-Heinemann, p.17. Emil Angelica (2001), Crafting Effective Mission and Vision Statements, Saint Paul, Minn, p.4. Cynthia Weishapple (2001), Introduction to Legal Nurse Consulting,Delmar Cengage Learning, p.71-72 Marieke K. De Mooij (2009), Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes, Third edition, Sage Publications, p.270.

Essay --

Executive Summary Over the past 30 years Wal-Mart has grown into the world leader in retail and supply chain management. However, the company has faced and continues to face challenges with its stakeholders and other parties who are very critical of their business practices and ethics. Wal-Mart has established a reputation of squeezing the little guy to acquire the lowest possible price for the most earnings at the expense of some of its stakeholders as addressed in the 2005 documentary Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price by director Robert Greenwald. Various parties including community groups, religious organizations, grassroots organizations, environmental groups and Wal-Mart customers as well as current and former associates have accused Wal-Mart of engaging in unethical business practices for the Every Day Low Price (EDLP) strategy. Wal-Mart’s stakeholder issues involve racial and gender discrimination, treatment of product suppliers, product sourcing, child labor, environmental practices and the use of government subsidies. This paper will discuss some of those issues and address some solutions Wal-Mart has implement and should implement to increase their competitive advantage and enhance their reputation by taking a proactive approach to Cooperate Social Responsibility. Brief History and Business model Walmart is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. According to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2013, Walmart is the world's second largest public corporation, the world’s largest retailer, largest grocery retailer in the United States and the biggest private employer in the world with over 1.7 million worldwide. The company was founded by Sa... ..., their new CEO Mike Duke has stressed a change in the way business is done to change the negative perceptions of the company. The wages are still low and problems still exits but the recent creation of a Senior Director for Stakeholder Engagement and their new mantra â€Å"Save money, Live better† highlight their new emphasis on shared value and CSR. They have added several components to their business such as: †¢ Environmental Sustainability †¢ Increases in US manufacturing †¢ Woman’s Economic Empowerment domestic and international †¢ Hunger and Nutrition †¢ Diversity and Inclusion †¢ Veterans and Military Families †¢ Ethical Sourcing Wal-Mart is too large to fade into the night, but companies must adapt to the ever changing global changes technology and globalization bring. People have become more aware of their choices and Wal-Mart must adjust or people will shop elsewhere.